SOSIOLINGUISTICS

Hello Guys ... kali ini saya akan memposting tentang Applied Linguistik terapan. Banyak sekali bidang-bidang Linguistik terapan sesuai dengan kebutuhan.Oky sebelum saya menjelaskan apa itu lingustik terapan,saya jelaskan dulu apa itu Linguistik..

Kata linguistik (linguistics-Inggris) berasal dari bahasa Latin “lingua” yang berarti bahasa. Dalam bahasa Perancis “langage-langue”; Italia “lingua”; Spanyol “lengua” dan Inggris “language”. Akhiran “ics” dalam linguistics berfungsi untuk menunjukkan nama sebuah ilmu, yang berarti ilmu tentang bahasa, sebagaimana istilah economics, physics dan lain-lain.Menurut Pringgodigdo dan Hasan Shadili, sebagaimana dikutip oleh Mansoer Pateda, “linguistik adalah penelaahan bahasa secara ilmu pengetahuan”. Sedangkan AS Hornby membagi kata linguidtics ke dalam dua kategori, sebagai kata sifat dan kata benda. Linguistics sebagai kata sifat berarti “the study of language and languages”.Sedangkan linguistics sebagai kata benda, berarti “the science of language; methods of learning and studying languages”. Dengan demikian, linguistik menurut AS Hornby berarti ilmu bahasa atau metode mempelajari bahasa. Sedangkan Kata Terapan/menerapkan, berpadanan dengan to apply, yang Artinya Memakai atau Menggunakan bisa juga dimaknai Menginjak, Mempergunakan, dan mengerahkan. Makna kata Applied = put to practical use. Dari kata applied lahir gabungan kata applied linguistic yang sepadan dengan linguistic terapan (ilmu lugah al-tatbiqy). Namun Ada pula ahli linguis yang tidak setuju dengan istilah itu, Spolsky lebih setuju dengan istilah educational linguistic (linguistic Pendidikan).Jadi bisa di simpulkan bahwa linguistik terapan adalah pemanfaatan pengetahuan tentang alamiah bahasa yang dihasilkan oleh peneliti bahasa yang dipergunakan untuk meningkatkan keberhasilgunaan tugas-tugas praktis yang menggunakan bahasa sebagai komponen inti.

History

The applied linguistic tradition established itself in response to the narrowing of focus in linguistics with the emergence of generative linguistics in the late 1950s, and has alwaysmaintained a social responsibility role, expressed by a major interest in language problems.Although the field of applied linguistics begins from Europe and the United States, this field is rapidly evolving in an international context.Applied linguistics initially takes into account the principles and practices of linguistic foundations. At first, applied linguistics is regarded as "applied linguistics" at least from outside its field.However in 1960 applied linguistics was expanded to include language assessment, language policy, and second language acquisition. In the early 1970s, applied linguistics became a field of problem-directed rather than merely theoretical linguistics. Applied linguistics also includes solutions to problems related to language in the real world. In the 1990s, applied linguistics was widespread, encompassing critical study and multilingualism. Applied linguistic research is shifted to"theoretical and empirical investigation of real-world problems in which language is a central issue.

P. Trudgill (1974: 32):

Sosiolinguistik adalah bagian dari linguistik yang berkaitan dengan bahasa sebagai fenomena sosial dan budaya. Ini menyelidiki bidang bahasa dan masyarakat & memiliki hubungan dekat dengan ilmu sosial, terutama psikologi sosial, antropologi, geografi manusia dan sosiologseCoulmas (1997, hal 2):Mikro-sosiolinguistik menyelidiki bagaimana struktur sosial mempengaruhi cara orang berbicara dan bagaimana variasi dan pola bahasa berkorelasi dengan atribut sosial seperti kelas, jenis kelamin,dan usia.Makro-sosiolinguistik, mempelajari apa yang dilakukan masyarakat dengan bahasa mereka, yaitu, sikap dan keterikatan yang mengandalkan distribusi fungsional bentuk-bentuk pidato di masyarakat, pergeseran bahasa, pemeliharaan, penggantian, delimitasi dan interaksi komunitas ujaran.kali antara struktur linguistik dan struktur sosial dan masing-masing independen dari yang lain.

A. Language Variation: Focus on Users

There are four language variation that are based on its users. The first is idiolect, the second is dialect, the next is social dialect and the last is temporal dialect. The description of those language variation can be seen as follow:

1. Idiolect

Idiolect is the language variation that is individual in nature (Chaer & Agustina, 1995:82). Everyone has his own language variation or his own idiolect. This idiolect variation is concerning with the colours of voice, choice of words, language style, sentence order, etc.The colours of voice is the most dominant aspect in language variation, because we can recognize someone just by listening to voice without seeing the person.

2. Dialect

According to Spolsky (1998:33) dialect is something that concerns variations which are located regionally or socially. Dialect also means the language variation that comes from a group of users that are relative in numbers, living in one particular place,region or area (Chaer & Agustina, 1995:83). Since dialect is based on the place,region or area where the users live, it is usually called as area dialect,regional dialect or geography dialect. The users of a dialect have certain featuresthat mark them as people who have the same dialect although they have their own idiolect.People who use Javanese with dialect of Semarang have their own particular features that are different from others who have the dialect of Surabaya. But they can communicate well with each other because those dialects are included in the same language, Javanese.The definition mentioned by (Chaer & Agustina, 1995) above is in line with what Spolsky (1998) concludes about regional dialects. He concludes that regional dialects tend to show less differences from their close neighbours and greater differences from distant neighbours (Spolsky, 1998:29).Regional variation or regional dialect can also be found in the internatonal world.The variation can be distinguished from the pronunciation, vocabulary and even from the grammatical differences (Holmes, 2001:124). Pronunciation and vocabulary differences probably are the easiest differences that people aware of between different dialects of English.The examples of the pronunciation differences mentioned by Holmes (2001:124) in her book is the word dad pronounced by a New Zealander that to British ears sounds like deadthat pronouncedby an English person and the word god pronounced by an American that sounds like guard that pronounced by an English and the word latter that sounds like ladderto many non-American English speakers. The examples of the vocabulary differences can be found in the term used by Australians, people live in England and New-Zealanders. Australians use the term sole parents, while people live in England use single parents and New-Zealanders call them solo parents. South Africans use the term robot while British call exactly the same thing as traffic light. Furthermore, Holmes (2001:125) gives the example of the American vs British influence on vocabulary used in one’s region. It can be examined by using the ten questions using both American and British items. Those ten questions are:

a.When you go window-shopping do you walk on the pavement or the sidewalk?
b.Do you put your shopping in the car’s trunk or in the boot?
c.When the car’s engine needs oil do you open the bonnet or the hood?

    There are eight sentences created by Holmes (2001:125) to distingushed the preferred American from the traditional British usages. Those eight sentences are:

a.Do you have a match?
b.Have you got a cigarrete?
c. She  has  gotten  used to the noise.

    The explanation made by Holmes (2001:125) of those eight sentences are that Americans prefer to use do you have while the traditional British English use have you got, Americans use gotten while most people in England use got, many Americans use dove while most British English speakers prefer dived and Americans ask did you eat? while the English askhave you eaten? A.Variasi Bahasa: Fokus pada Pengguna Ada empat variasi bahasa yang didasarkan pada penggunanya. Yang pertama adalah idiolect, yang kedua adalah dialek, yang berikutnya adalah dialek sosial dan yang terakhir adalah dialek temporal. Deskripsi variasi bahasa tersebut dapat dilihat sebagai berikut:

B. Language Variation: Focus on Uses

In terms of language variation that are based on its uses, the discussion is focused on the ways in which speech reflects the contexts in which language is used and not the characteristics of the speakers (Holmes, 2001:223). The language variation that is concerning with the uses or functions can be called as style or register.Style For the term style, there are many definitions which are basically the same. The first to be mentioned here is the definition given by Marjohan (1988:34) that style refers to a variation in speech or writing from more formal to more casual. Some markers for the formal style would be the use of may instead of might and can and also constructions such as For whom did you get it? Instead of Who’d you get that for? in more casual speech. Bell’s (ed. Jaworski, 1997) statement about style is in line with the statement made by Holmes (2001:223) above that style is related more with the situations than with the speakers themselves. This can be seen in his statement that when we want to talk about style, it means that we talk about the same speakers who talk in different ways on different situations and not the different speakers who talk in different ways from each other (Bell, ed. Jaworski, 1997:240).According to Holmes (2001:246) the term style refers to language variation which reflects changes in situational factors. She also mentions that styles are often analysed according to the levels of formality (Holmes, 2001:246). This is in accordance with Martin Joos (1967) in his book The Five Clocks as quoted by Nababan (1986:22) who divides the style of formality into five levels, frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate styles. The description of these styles can be seen in the following:

a. Frozen style. It is the most formal style used in formal situations and ceremonies (Nababan, 1986:22). It is called frozen because the pattern has been set up firmly and can never be changed by anyone. In written form, we can see this style in historical documents, ratification, and other formal documents.

b. Formal style. It is the style used in formal speech, formal meeting, office correspendence, lesson books for school, etc (Chaer & Agustina, 1995:93). Formal style is basically similar to the frozen style that is only used in formal situations and not in informal situations. The example of formal style as quoted by Marjohan (1988:35) from Nababan (1987) is the first paragraph of the opening of the 1945 constitution of the Republic of Indonesia that was written in a formal or even in a frozen style.

c. Casual style. It is the style used to speak with friends, family or relatives, during the leisure time, while exercising, etc (Chaer & Agustina, 1995:93). The casual style markers in English mentioned in Marjohan’s book (1988:35) are:

1. The absence of an article at the beginning of a sentence, for example:

-Friend of mine saw it.

-Coffee’s cold.

2. The absence of the subject at the beginning of a sentence, for example:

a. Bought it yesterday?

b. Makes no difference.

3. The absence of an auxiliary, for example:

a. Leaving?

b. Seen John lately?

d. Intimate style. This is the style used with people who have close relationships with the speaker   (Nababan, 1986:22). By using this style those people do not need to use complete sentences with clear articulation, they just simply use short words. It happens mainly because there is an understanding among those people.A number of kinds of style can also be found in the study conducted by Labov in 1966 as mentioned by Bell (ed. Jaworski, 1997:241) in his writing. In gathering some useful informations from his informants, Labov used a series of language tasks and recorded his interviews with them. From this recordings, he found the casual speech or the condition of paying the least attention to someone’s speech. This casual speech was used when a speaker was speaking to someone else who was not the interviewer, or discussing topics which got the speaker and that someone involved with each other. He also found another style, the careful style or the condition of paying a bit more attention to someone’s speech. This style especially revealed in the recordings when a speaker was answering questions in a typical interview way and when a speaker paid more attention to his pronunciation whenever he was asked to read aloud a brief passage of a story. Labov also found that there was the maximum amount of attention that was paid to a one’s speech whenever a speaker was asked to read out a list of isolated words and a set of minimal pairs.

Register

For the term register, according to Holmes (2001:246) it refers to the language of groups

of people with common interests or jobs, or the language used in situations associated with such groups. The examples of different registers can be seen in the language used by journalist, legalist, auctioneers, race-callers, sports commentator, airline pilots, criminals, financiers, politicians, disc jockeys and also the language used in the courtroom and the classroom. One example mentioned by Holmes (2001:247) in her book the language used by people who describe a sporting event which can be distinguished easily from language used in other contexts especially in the vocabulary. In cricket, people describe positions by using terms like silly mid on, square leg, the covers and gully and describe deliveries by using terms like off-break, googly and leg break.

A variety of language marked by choices of vocabulary and used in a specific situation involving particular roles and statuses can also be considered as a register as well (Spolsky, 1998;34). The examples include a toast at a wedding, sports broadcast, or talking to a baby. As mentioned by Brown (2000:261) besides maintaining solidarity, registers are also used to identify different occupational or socioeconomic groups, that can be done in many ways, for example by looking at certain phonological variants, vocabulary, idioms or other expressions. Truckers, airline pilots, salespersons and farmers can be good examples of people who use words and phrases which are unique to their own groups.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

https://takberhentiberharap.wordpress.com/2011/05/06/hubungan-linguistik-terapan-dan-pembelajaran-bahasa.

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik_terapan 

THANK YOU :)